Conditions and opportunities for achievement.

: The Governator: Remain in colonial era for 30 years.
Kind of bugged.
Fulfill crown quest and extend your term over and over again. You can check the time passed by clicking the palace and selecting the statistics tab.
However this achievement is kind of bugged and it may not work even if you met the requirement. So check your date and start again if achievement does not popup. For instance I couldn't achieve it in mission 1 but without a problem in sandbox but @Wif achieved in mission 5 and @Skyve couldn't achieve it in sandbox. Double Trouble: Have two faction escalations at the same time
Worsen your relationship with a faction and they'll send you a ultimatum. Refuse it and suffer their curse. Get curse from two factions within a short time and you're good to go. Sublime Subliminal Supreme: Have 90% of all Tropicans support the same faction
Propaganda through Newspaper, Radio, TV and high school. Secretly kill all opposing faction's citizens. It can be achieved in other era like colonial ere like @Kiki-HR- pointed out. Don't Panic!: Have a Space Mission end with a special event.
You can launch rockets in 'Space Program' facility. Sometimes an event pops up on the ship's return. Event pops up and Penultimo talks about space obelisk. I've earned it during mission within 10 tries but some say it takes more than 1000 launches to get this one. One Does Not Simply Stage A Coup: Survive a military coup
Ignore militarists' ultimatum. Anger them with some constitution and edict then finish them off by building lots of embassy. My Ways: End 50 protests by force or by bribing the protesters across all games
Tropicans hold protest very rarely and become rebels or guerrillas instead. I've seen only 1 natural protest during my 30 hour like play.
However you can anger environmentalists and their escalation is the mass protest. I don't know whether it's intended or not but most of the time those protesters doesn't appear and protest ends as soon as it began. However if you're lucky they'll appear at each mining, power plant and industry buildings. You can deal with them by clicking the megaphone icon. So trigger environmentalist escalation with actual protest few times and bribe all of them. Terraformer:Generate 15 random maps
Bugged. It looks like devs acknowledged problem. So we just have to wait for it.
Start 10 maps in sandbox with random maps setting. You don't have to win the game, starting the game is all you need. It's not on the announcement but it's fixed anyway.